II. Pedagogical Contents

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It involves the strategy, and methods of teaching and learning process. In the part of the teacher, it also involve the knowledge about the content or the subject matter. It also involves on how the teacher deliver the lesson, to make his learners understand it. The teachers job is not just teaching and delivering the lesson, but the job of the teacher is also to make the complex things simple with the awareness of pedagogical content. In addition, it also involve the ability of the teacher to be adaptable and flexible due to the diverse learners, with that the teacher is able to see the strength and weaknesses of their students to thing of something that will help the implementation of the lesson. Below are based on the observation in the English class with Teacher Ma'ruf.

1.5 Teaching Methods

Before the class started, they do recall previous topic, as a way of reinforcing the learnings and also it allow to establish connection with the next lesson. Teacher Ma'ruf integrated song, the song lyrics is related to the topic to engage students and enhance understanding through creative and memorable approach. The lesson started with the concept or formula of the subject matter, with this, it allows learners to think critically. Also, it is an effective method where students are encourage to go in front to answer question or share their understanding of the topic. This method promotes student centered and student involvement and improve public speaking skills. In essence, it involves, auditory, visual, and kinesthetic teaching to cater the differentiated leaning styles of the learners.

1.6 Learning Materials and Innovation

Teacher Ma'ruf used traditional teaching tools such as a board, markers, and books. I can assess his mastery of the subject matter based oh how he engage the students effectively, and classroom management. The measurement of his knowledge of the content lies on the outcome performance of the learners, and I can see how learners actively participated in the class without hesitant which shows how his methods contributes positively to the understanding of the subject matter.

1.7 Source of Learning and Technology

In the sense of traditional method used by teacher Ma'ruf, he integrated various educational tools such as textbooks, and other online resources to enhance the teaching and learning environment. Especially in teaching grammar, traditional tools such as whiteboard and marker, allows the teacher to draw, write, and illustrate the concepts during the lesson. With that, it allows the dynamic and interactive discussion where the teacher can modify or add information in real-time.

1.8 Authentic Assessment

The assessment used by the teacher allows learners to assess their own knowledge as well as allow them to think critically, communicate, and delve deeper on the level of their understanding of the topic. It allows them to take ownership of their learning about the topic. There are multifaced assessment with this, such us student-driven assessment, and self-assessment.

Observation in English Class